Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Y-parents questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Y-p arnts questionnaire - Essay ExampleThats why we moved into a closely knit confederacy where all the residents take part in helping educate and instill the correct social set in our children. That is how we, as parents, were able to instill in the value of family in our children. Since most of the children attending Choate shall be staying in the Rosemary hall as residents, we believe that our little girl will be able to mould them positively by showing them the true value and importance of family life, even when one is living out from home. We raised our daughter to be independent yet mindful of the feelings and needs of oppositewises by respecting their individuality and encompass what makes them unique as a person. We raised her to understand what discrimination is and why it is something that should not be make to others. We believe Choate rout out help violate these values in our child. What qualities would you like to see your child develop while at Choate?1000 Ch aracters left in your response -- We believe in the leadership abilities that our daughter possesses and shown us glimpses of in her daily life. As a student at Choate, we would like to ask the discipline to help us further develop, hone, and polish her leadership skills. We see the civilise doing this by encouraging her to colligation in and experience diverse activities that can call upon not only her leadership, only if also teamwork abilities. after(prenominal) all, in order to become an effective leader in the future, our daughter will have to image all about(predicate) becoming a valuable team member first. Choate offers her an abundance of these activities. That is why we are looking forward to seeing our daughter continue to develop her positive thinking, widening her perspective about life, and underdeveloped a healthy mind. All of which will hopefully result in our daughter developing a much nobler character than we can ever expect of her. Ownership of the decision to come to Choate can play a substantial role in a students success. Please describe how the decision was reached to grant to Choate. 1000 Characters left in your response -- We already have one daughter attending Choate. Helena, Julias elderly sister, has shown us how educational, happy, and challenging student life can be at Choate. Helena has us that the other students and teachers at Choate can continue to provide the kind of positive influence that we desire for our children. Helena has shown us that she has been positively influence by her peers and mentors at Choate by working hard to happen upon her academic goals. That is an campaign that, although challenging, Helena meets with the most positive attitude that we have ever seen. That is the kind of influence that we hope to ambush Helenas younger sister, Julia to. Julia is a child who enjoys a challenge and enjoys reaping the benefits of her successes. We believe that Choate is the best place to help Julia achieve all her goals due to the remarkable person that her older sister has become since attending Choate. What event would you take away the most significant in your childs life? 1000 Characters left in your response -- The most significant event to have recently happened in Julias life would have to be the decision to send her to school in the United States. We explained the importance of studying abroad to her before we packed her up and shipper her off to the U.S. but that did not mean that she was fully prepared for the move. She went to the United States without knowing much about the culture and raft of the Americans. She spoke some English but not as proficiently as she would have treasured to. Worst of all, she was living in a dormitory on her own for the first time, living with other foreign students. This time, she was fully independent and needed to learn to manage her dorm room, her

Monday, April 29, 2019

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

4 - Assignment ExampleDuring the flood, one is unable to face the harsh behavior of water and then good deal are advised to move to the higher regions before the flood. 1. List and describe the most common causes of floods. Causes of Floods ternion major causes are found to cause the floods. Theses causes include equatorial storms, Seasonal flooding, Coastal Flooding (Library.thinkquest.org, 2013). tropic Storms Tropical storms and hurricanes remain to project high impact on our lives due to the devastating impact of the heavily winds carrying massive amount of water with them. The resulting rains in response to the hurricanes and tropical storms become a cause of flood. Tropical Depression set ups a wind of speeds less than 38 miles per hour. In the tropical depression situation winds have relative less speed as compared to that in the hurricane (Erh.noaa.gov, 2013). However, the tropical depressions are found to produce immense rains. Such a type of phenomenon produces some major damages in Georgia with a awed rain resignation of about 28 inches that caused flooding. During a tropical Storm the speed of the wind can gain cornerstone as high as 73 miles per hour and tropical storms are categorized due to having more than wind speed (39-73 miles per hour) as compared to the tropical depression. Tropical storms produce immense rain falls that are followed by flooding just now some damages are due to the minatory winds. The rainfalls during the tropical storms produce more water than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus heavy flooding occurs. Seasonal Flooding In wet season, (a prolonged raining period mostly in spring or peak summer) the rains may fall more than the capacity of the rivers, streams and lakes and thus the flooding occurs. The flooding is not the sudden rush of water into the streams, lakes and rivers but due to the prolonged period of rains. The water on the rivers, streams and lakes rushes out. The major reaso n of less absorption of water into the backdrop is that due to the rains, the soil becomes saturated and the absorption rate due the unsaturated behavior of the ground lowers and thus the flooding occurs. The melting of the snow during the start of the summer is another reason of the seasonal. It is due to the heavy snow falls in the winter season and during the start of the summer, snow melts and is being converted to wide amount of water that rusher into the streams and at some instance it may become more than the capacity of the streams and rivers that thus the flooding occurs. Both melting of the snow and the rainy seasonal rainfalls may contribute in occurring flooding in combination. Coastal Flooding Due to the severe tropical storms and heavy winds, the winds tend to carry aside the ocean water in hevy amounts and thus occur of the coastal areas. In this situation, the sea level rises to the ground level and winds tend to produce waves more than the ground level and floodi ng occurs. Higher velocity winds draw surface turbulence and thus the ocean waves present flooding of the coastal areas. The phenomenon is often recognized as storm surge. Coastal flooding is also due to the impact of Tsunamis, volcanic eruption and landslides in the oceans. Tsunamis are caused due to the earthquake which occurs in the ocean not very far from the coastal region. An under maritime earthquake

Sunday, April 28, 2019

With todays advances in the use of C.G.I. and digital imagery, will Essay

With todays advances in the handling of C.G.I. and digital imagery, will the human actor eventually become obsolete - Essay Examplea green grid and a few rudimentary objects as he first enters the alternate public represented by CGI animation, Homer Simpson says this place looks expensive... I feel like Im wasting a lot just standing here (Treehouse of Horror VI). This was the attitude of many animators for years who struggled to advance their technology slice battling financial constraints.In the last decade, however, great advancements have been made not only in the capabilities of computing machine graphic artists and software but in the ability of computers to animate more for less it didnt sustain that animation studios were granted larger budgets to explore CGI options. Feature films like the CGI breakout hit Toy myth paved the way for more investment in computer animation and now people in the film industry are beginning to wonder whether computer animation is destined to overtake the part of real, live actors.CGI is an acronym for computer generated imagery this field encompasses many different specific computer graphics such as landscaping, people, animals, weather and other special effects (Pierson, 2002, 3). 3D computer graphics were primarily utilize for special effects in TV and movies before the trend of feature length computer alive(p) films caught on, animators focused their efforts on creating new, and ultimately cheaper and less complicated, ways of dealing with onscreen special effects. Traditionally, special effects could overwhelm anything from a fire in a burning building to a full on explosion, or even the tricks of an illusionist which were too complicated to be performed in reality.With CGI animation, television and film producers can table the often messy and unpredictable hazards of physical special effects and actually make the outcome close set(predicate) to what they had envisioned to begin with. Specifically, special efforts on computer began to take the place of the creation of miniatures (used when large descale models are too cumbersome) and also to take the

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Information System - Essay ExampleTheir efforts be based upon the contributions in the plain stitch of industry and sciences before 1920s. It is broadly characterized as scientific management principles and application in industrial domain. The development of computers in a phase wise manner from the days of Steve Jobs and IBM to present day give source operating systems and spread of internet in the form of World Wide Web is a technological deliver the goodsment do possible in the last part of previous decade. Thesis narrative Each of these developments (Scientific Management and Internet) has had economic, social, technological, cultural and developmental impact. This paper looks into the multifaceted contribution by each of these in their own capacity and own spectrum. Scientific Management While the Industrial revolution had given the field of development and manufacturing a young dimension, additional development and performance improvement was yet to be achieved and on that point were considerable margins for development in that zone. The improvement of the working procedures and personnel performance was an area that was yet to be harmonized with the industrial developments made in previous century. Bridging the gap between the man power, their abilities, machine and processes made up for a new domain of study and research. The principles of Scientific Management undertook this as an exploration of new methods and mechanisms for further enhancing the potential of growth and capacity amongst the workers and within the industries. This summarizes the purpose and motto of Scientific Management. Frederick Winslow Taylor Many another(prenominal) proponents of improvement and development along with machine manufacturing companies aimed at bringing the two fields together. The First to achieve a breakthrough was Frederick Winslow Taylor who came up with a novel idea that would make up for the benchmark and alike(p) pattern of manufacturing industry pr inciples essential for success. He along with his team of experts from the field of their respective specialization are clearly accorded as the honors of having achieved the breakthrough and come up with something concrete against something that was long considered and fancied for in terms of progress and better utilization of technology (SAPRU, 2013, 110). Target industries and domains Under the principle and concepts of Scientific Management, manufacturing industries fell outright under the target of improvements and the potential that was present for capitalization. Making use of the energies resources, capital, machinery, employees all this was sought and a world(a) realization existed that advocated the integration of management on scientific basis and industrial processes for creation of a synergetic effect within. The team performed intensive investigations aimed at identifying the areas of potential improvement and areas of negligence that had yet to be explored and were lack for development on account of lack of attention and work performed in the given domain. As a result of the extensive research and review Frederick Winslow Taylor came up with The Principles of Scientific Management that had the best recipe of increase productivity, integrating different domains and increasing the working patterns of employees as well. The novelty of piece of work was the fact that for the maiden time the social impact was touched upon in the entire scheme of research and for the first tim

Friday, April 26, 2019

Oil Spills Clean-up Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Oil Spills Clean-up engine room - Research Paper ExampleProactive measures ought to be taken to foreclose such catastrophes from occurring. Some of the accidents ar caused by the neglect of the management and early(a) members transporting the crude. The BP Company for instance has been one of the current culprits of anoint spill. Reports indicated that the guild was aiming at reducing the speak to of operation and therefore had poor methods that would have been used to prevent oil spills. Other companies that have been caught in the same incidence include the Union Carbide in India. The company was concern with the show ups of carving on the cost of operation. In the process, it failed to repair and maintain the gas cylinders leading to leakage of gases. The disconfirming effects of this were death of thousands of people. It would therefore be imperative to have ways that would be used to prevent these incidences from occurring. Punitive measures should be used to ensure that the responsible companies pay for the damage caused. This may include confiscation of their certificates of operation until such companies can show their readiness to prevent the situation. The following discussion will nidus on the oil spill change techniques, limitations and classification. Literature review Current oil spill dandying techniques There atomic number 18 a number of oil spill cleaning techniques, which have been used for decades to handle this problem. These methods however differ in terms of cost, the effects on the environment, flora and fauna, and complexity. The other main find out factor of the technique to use include whether the oil spill has taken place in the abstruse sea or near the shore. The following are some of the current methods, which are used to clean oil spills 1. In-situ burning of oil This is one of the most common techniques... This essay stresses that major oil spills have been blessed on poor strategies used by the management to d eal with the problem. Some of the policies that are stipulated are poor due to the need to cut down the cost of operation. Some of the companies that have been blamed for such poor policies include the BP Company. Due to the 2007/08 economic turmoil, the company management was in the process of cutting down cost of operation. As a result, this led to the problems, which have been witnessed. It is for this reason that some of these companies need to be punished. Other methods that would also be used in to prevent oil spills include regular halt of machinery and the piping systems. This is done for the purpose of preventing of detecting any anomalies on such machines. Any leaks should be repaired at once they are detected. Any loose valves ought to be tightened to prevent any spills. However, majority of the companies fail to address this issue due to the current the current competition in the world of business. The high demand for oil and other related products prevents the managem ent to take the safety precautions.This paper makes a conclusion that the bottom-line is that there is no utile method, which can effectively address the issue of cleaning the oil spills. For that reason, there is need for more cosmos in order to have such methods. The current ones are not only expensive hardly also lead to major environmental problems. All measures ought to be taken to prevent the oil spills since the cost of such catastrophes are high.

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Reading Journal(summary, application and synthesize) What is Essay

breeding Journal(summary, application and synthesize) What is Sustainability - Essay ExampleThe first axiom warns the society of continuous use of resources of a positive collapse. The second axiom warns of rate of consumption that is equal to the growth of population is unsustainable. The third axiom provides a guideline for consumption of renewable resources for sustainability. It states rate of natural replenishment of renewable resources is to be greater or equal to the rate of consumption. The fourth axiom states the rate of usage of non-renewable resources must be declining in a way that is greater than or equal to the rate of depletion. The fifth axiom advices in the event of a new substance introduced into the environment as a result of manmade activities. They must not be unhealthful to the biosphere or should be rendered harmless (Heinberg and Daniel, 6). Through these five axioms, Richard Heinberg targets every rational human being. At least one of his axiom is applicab le to a particular section of the human society. For instance, the fifth axiom is applicable to almost every sector of the human society. It is particularly applicable to manufacturing industries, business like hotels, and hospitals, and also to families. In these and others sectors of the human society, the fifth anxiom requires people to protect their environments by avoiding introducing harmful substances to them. The third axiom targets particularly the mineral miners. It requires them to conserve the environment by not engaging in extensive mining devoid of upcoming considerations. The fourth axiom targets the industries like the energy industry, which uses non-renewable resources. Therefore, Richard Heinberg targets every person in the world. His essay requires every psyche to protect his/her environment by applying one of the axioms that defines sustainability in his/her particular situation.Richard Heinberg article is very relevant to separately and every member of the cl assroom community. Previously each of us had a different definition of sustainability. few of us

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Prescription Pill Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prescription contraceptive pill Abuse - Research Paper ExampleMany teenagers hold the view that prescription(prenominal) medication squall is safer than illicit drug intake. However, the fact is that prescription drugs can have severe short term as well as long term impacts on health if they are used improperly. Hence, it could be declared that the use and plague of prescription pills has adverse effect on teenagers physical, mental, and social life.Prescription pill demoralise may include taking a relatives or a friends prescribed medicines to treat pain, get high, or to experiment with. As per reports, Opioids like OxyContin and Vicodin, stimulants like Concerta and Adderall, and central nervous system depressants including Xanax and Valium are the most common abused prescription pills over the aside few years. Over-the-counter drugs (drugs available without a prescription) abuse has similarly become a threatening expel nowadays. Among the teenagers aged between 12 and 17, it was reported that 7.7 percent of them abused prescription drugs during 2010 (Prescription drug abuse). According to a study conducted by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, nearly one 5th of the teenagers have tried prescription painkillers ever in their life (cited in Addictions Generation Rx?..). As The 2010 monitor the Future survey reports, prescription and over-the-counter pills were the most common drugs abused by 12th graders (NIDA). These surveys also point that prescription drug abuse may get intensified in future as no effective prevention mechanisms have been developed yet. In addition, surveys and other study reports indicate that prescription drug abusing youth is more likely to get addicted to substance abuse.Evidently, medication has side effect and therefore, a physician considers all potential benefits and risk factors of a drug before making prescriptions. In addition to the side effects factors, a physician takes into account a drugs miscellanea and do se and its potential for addiction or withdrawal.

The making of a Strong Leader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The making of a Strong Leader - Research piece ExampleOLeary took the helms of leadership in 1994 when the airline was just tying to wake up from a long slumber and a performance downward trend that had seen it make a huge evil four years earlier (Ruddock 2008). Massive restructuring was in force as a result of go along poor performance. OLeary therefore had a difficult time ahead of him but today he can boast of transforming Ryanair into one of the most profitable airlines in the world with tremendous growth prospects.He seems to have mastered the adaptability skill in his leadership. He took the company when it was at one of its worst moments and steered it to success. This centre that he was able to identify with the bad times and above all understand the complexities. He has all along made changes with the times more so in the competitive arena. When other airlines reduce their fares, Ryanair reduces theirs fifty-fifty lower (Ruddock 2008). He has good people skills that en able him to sell his ideas in a simple and heretofore touching manner. He is on the forefront in advertising where he introduces almost all their raw products. He is excessively a good negotiator with the employees union as they usually come to compromise without much loss to either party. He has good sense of self awareness such that he quite well knows how people perceive his leadership style. As much as the airline has been successful, umteen have not come to appreciate his way of doing things especially the cost cutting measures towards the staff. He is also decisive and makes relatively good and timely judgments. In the many times he has been faced with challenges e.g. a court case, he argues the companys case with desirable wit. OLeary is also purposeful in his strategies as he tries to maintain the airline as the best in the low-cost and low-fares category which he has achieved marvelously so far. He is also quite innovative and creative in strategizing. He has notably pr ovoked free publicity through

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

The Estimation on the Value of Information Systems Dissertation

The Estimation on the Value of Information Systems - Dissertation ExampleThe open literature and researches lack appropriate analysis to bring out the real value of tuition administration applicable in the heartyness sector. This study is aimed at proposing an integrated general schooling system archetype that can be applicable in hospitals in the UK and demonstrates the usefulness and value of the model for strategic hospital management and patients safety. Introduction More Hospitals in the UK have been faced with forceful regulations and force per unit atomic number 18a to better their clinical quality, speed and procedures of services, reduce costs, expand access and reform the overall clinical voyage taken by patients in different hospitals. This situation has led to hospitals to invest in information systems and information technology in an effort to overcome some of these mentioned issues. In hospital environments where information systems have been introduced, in that location has emerged the need to evaluate the systems implementation as related health c are providers are experiencing increased care demands and higher expectations when it comes to service delivery (Goldszal and Bryan 102). Most of the studies conducted before offer insights on the information systems value in relation to investment returns, associated savings and costs, and quantitative measurements types. Concerns have been raised however regarding the adequateness of measuring payoffs produced by hospitals that have implemented information systems and information technology in as it is believed to set down the intangible value from the involved stakeholders. Although it has been spy that information systems and technological advances have greatly been achieved over the years, in that respect has been minimal consensus on the impact level of these introductions on patient care. Most of the studies concentrate on analytic and quantitative aspects making it hard to quant ify the possible gains in a qualitative nature (Huang 250) The confirmable part of this study will be conducted in selected hospitals in the UK which have been identified as being on the forefront in the use of IS/IT applications to support both non-clinical and clinical functions in the UK. A summation of fifteen hospitals were identified and in-depth interviews conducted with staff and doctors from different departments in an effort to come up with a ample range of different data and views (Laet, Naudts and Vandevivere 198) Literature Review The use of information systems which have been accredited to improve the healthcare quality have led to quality measurement through incorporating quality and clinical indicators as more visible aspects of quality improvement efforts in hospitals are increasing in demand. Such systems represent of the health administration of healthcare segment systems to ensure convenience in the health administration system. The health admiration system is very influential in determining the quality outcome as well as the way resources are utilized. There are rich literature already established on the value of information systems on the health sector but still the results of such literature are unsatisfactory. One of the main set backs of the already established literature is that they do not provide a quality correlation with the accreditation requirements even in situations where hospital compliance with reporting and accreditation requirements is acceptable. Such literatures have been observed to result in inconsistent, partial and conflicting results.

Monday, April 22, 2019

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 22

duty assign handst ExampleBetween early1900s and 1960s was characterized with core improvement in relation to domestic help violence against women in the societies of the US. Major rights were awarded to women crossways the different states of the US. Feminist movements were formed to fight for gender equation and acts of male chauvinism. Women could constitute their husbands for assault in a court of law. Domestic violence cases are comm hardly presented in courts across the country. It is also during this period that cases that regarded to domestic violence were transferred from the criminal court to civil court. In the civil courts, only the civil procedures could apply. This meant that men who assaulted their wives or girlfriend was not considered as criminalIn the 1800s, most states in the United States had laws that somewhat favored domestic violence against the women. Although most of federal laws in different states in the US stated to have had protected the women in the society against domestic violence, most of these laws tolerated men who stay put their wife as they would be charged for such act. It was not considered a major offense for the men in the societies of the 1800s in the US, since women were generally considered inferior.Between 1900s and 1960s was characterized with major improvement in relation to domestic violence against women in the societies of the US. More rights were awarded to women across the different states of the US. Feminist movements were formed to fight for gender equality and acts of male chauvinism. Women could charge their husbands for assault in a court of law. Domestic violence cases are commonly presented in courts across the country. It is also during this period that cases that regarded to domestic violence were transferred from the criminal court to civil court. In the civil courts, only the civil procedures could apply. This meant that husbands or men who assaulted their wives or girlfriend was

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Macroeconomics In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Macrostintings In Healthcare - Essay ExampleIt is estimated that the global community currently provides well-nigh $2 billion per year to wellness in the poorest countries. For the poorest economies, spending does appear to make a difference. Gro Harlem Bruntland, managing director General of the World Health Organization, believes that health has a central role in the world economy. Yet, few finance officials and development economists have so far explored the potential importance of health investment as an instrument for reducing poverty (Ivinson551). Improved health is potentially advantageous to poor economies. Increased lifespan expectancy can lead to increased productivity and economic stability for many poor families, anticipate that opportunities for work and education are readily available. However, in some of the poorest economies, opportunity for increased income from work is very(prenominal) limited. In some areas, basic infrastructure such as roads, utilities and mea ns for production does not exist. a good deal political corruption prevents those who are healthy and physically able to work for many years from realizing their square(a) income potential. Even relocation to areas with more work opportunities are difficult with limited income and few safe roads. In those areas, it is a combination of increased spending on health care, increased development of infrastructure and acitivities which mutilate or reduce corruption that must take place simultaneously for the poorest economies to benefit overall. Improved health care alone will not bring about much change in economic conditions.

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Marx's concept of alienation and Christianity's concept of sin and Essay - 1

Marxs concept of alienation and Christianitys concept of sin and disordered will - Essay ExampleWe should fool alienation as a means in which, individuality, freedom, and subjectivity develop. Christians should view it as a demonstrate of self realization and self development. They should not view it as a way of creating fragmentation and surgical incision among people (Harvey 18).The concept of sin and disordered will should not be linked to alienation, nevertheless should Christians go for excuse for the hostile alien powers that operate as if they are uncontrollable powers of nature. The remedy for Christianity and the actual means still remain debated. It is viewed in other terms as to being interpersonal or personal. We are, therefore, compulsory to have a conscious choice of actions with Christians advised to reject techniques that are incompatible with the Christian world. We should be ready to accept things that promote unified and coherent world. Alienation should not be taken as an excuse for any sinful activity (Fromm

Friday, April 19, 2019

Daily Assignment 8&9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Daily 8 - Assignment ExampleThey claim that paternalism is essential when preferences do not span the choice frame and paternalism is guided by the failure to validate the preference of welfargon to liberty.According to Thaler and Sunstein, Paternalism occurs when organizations or planners adopt policies or decisions that have positive impacts on the options of the non-planners. They argue that paternalism is inevitable since people do not want to make their own decisions even after being coerced by planners to do so. People atomic number 18 also unable to assess the benefits of the decisions they make and the planners are always benevolent such that if two options are available and only one is beneficial to both parties, they will adopt that one.Thaler and Sunstein turn over that paternalism should not be coercive and morally demeaning. They assume that individuals behave according to the expectations of the economic models and do not act voluntarily and rationally for their own benefit. The argument that 60% of Americans are either obese or overweight shows that they believe that people do not make beneficial decisions. Every human being knows that obesity poses risks to philia attacks, and it would be misguiding if one assumes that most of the Americans choose their diet optimally. They argue that peoples choices are influenced by the legal and organisational

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Indian and Australian Cultural beliefs and tradition on Death and Essay

Indian and Australian Cultural beliefs and usance on Death and last Practices from the Nursing Perspective - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, in the Australian agriculture, or in particular the culture of the Christians, death is viewed as the beginning of everlasting life with God. Though different concepts about(predicate) death and the process associated with dying prevail, birth and death are the two aspects of life which ordain drop dead to everyone. Thus providing the medical exam care for the patients as they step into the final stage of their life is a disagreeable and at the same time heart breaking situation for the families. Under such drastic circumstances, medical personnel particularly the nurses play a major role in providing a comfort train for the patients and the family members associated with them. It is also considered to be one of the prime responsibilities of the nurse to balance the emotional feelings of the patients with their complex medical inelucta bly at the dying stage. Generally people who are in their death beds need the end-of-life treatment by the critical care nurses. Critical care nurses provide care to patients who fail to respond to treatments offered to support and keep life. (Efstathiou and Clifford, 2011). ... This paper will discuss the Indian and Australian cultural beliefs regarding death and the eveningts associated with dying from the nursing perspective. It will also include how understanding the culture and the traditional beliefs can support the nurse to render a palliative approach to the people who are dying and for their families. Comparison of the cultures and accordingly the nurses role Although, Indian culture is diverse as India is home to number of religions and their related culture, with Hindus being the majority, their culture is viewed as the common locomote of the Indian culture. In most of the families following the Indian culture, the basic healthcare decisions are made by the senior most member of the patients family. Thus, it would be better for the nurses to approach that particular individual, when decisions wealthy person to be taken regarding crucial medical as well as personal issues. People in Indian culture are mostly family oriented, having strong relationships with a extended family circle and so the patients may have constant flow of visitors at any given point of time. Nurses have to understand this tradition or practice, and take steps to allow the patient visits by the relatives and friends, without affecting the treatment or even the comfort of the patients. In addition, the nurse who cares for the Hindu patients at home or at hospital to economic aid the relatives in the way of singing, chanting, praying, reading from holy books, etc. Importantly, the patients themselves would always want their family by their side and so the nurses who attend to the dying patients should encourage the peer groups for the patients and the families for coping with the eventuality. Above all, they should empathize for

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Lenin's Cultural Policy and the Persecution of the Arts Essay

Lenins Cultural Policy and the Persecution of the Arts - Essay ExampleHowever, things were not the same as shown to the world. The ontogenesis experimentation in the arts and cultural aspects of Russia forced Lenin to embrace more conservative and traditional ship canal and it was because of this reason that since his early days, Lenin started to control cultural institutions of the country. This control of culture in the country further worsen as the Lenins Communist party started to target those musicians and artisans who were relatively against the Communist thought. Lunacharsky- Lenins chief(prenominal) someone behind controlling the Cultural Revolution in the country put forward his own aesthetical theories which largely redefined the socialist art, however this was often criticized by the later scholars for the reasons of curtailing the artistic creativity.In the late 1920s, the consideration was taken up and transformed by young communist cultural militants who sought th e party leaders benediction for an assault on cautious hegemony in culture that is, on the cultural establishment, including Anatoly Lunacharsky and other leaders of the Peoples sustenance of Enlightenment, and the values of the old Russian intelligentsia. For the militants, the essence of Cultural Revolution was class war - an assault against the bourgeois intelligentsia in the name of the proletariat - and they meant the revolution part of the term literally. In the years 1928 by means of 1931, the militants succeeded in gaining the party leaders support, but lost it again in 1932 when the Central Committee dissolved the main militant organization, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), and promoted reconciliation with the intelligentsia. (Encylopedia).

Is the U.S. Seeking to Contain Russia Research Paper - 2

Is the U.S. Seeking to Contain Russia - Research Paper patternMain Russian authorities gave a joint statement and said that both the countries be straightaway looking to start a collaborative venture against the terrorist nuclear states in order to ensure the rubber eraser of their nations. President Obama also showed commitment to work for the U.S. Senate ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. both(prenominal) countries be also working for usage of nuclear energy in the positive ways and prolific nuclear usage treaty has been signed and there are many other projects which constitute been started which were ceased by the former presence of America due to the August 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict (Nuclear Energy Today, 82).Many Defense analysts are of the view that US is seeking to contain Russia and the ballistic missiles in South Korea which are covering the hearty DPRK and can hit up to 800 kilometers is a clear sign for that. There has been no use of thes e missiles in that region other than targeting Russia and China and the long-term communist avenge is taking new turns (Globalresearch, 2013).Military experts are also getting hints from the pro-NATO policies of Russia that the US has ceased the policy to contain Russia because it is no more the war of systems now as the liberal democracy has made its impact and Russians seem to accept this point and are looking front to the peaceful coexistence. The new threat which is said as political Islam has been regarded by them as the main threat to both US and Russia. (English Pravda, 2013)In a combined meeting and conference with Afghan President in August 2008, Russian President Medvedev said that Russia is looking to start new terms and relationships with Afghanistan because both the countries have been a victim of terrorism in the past and now is the time for the peaceful way ahead.

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

description of Purpose EssayAlvin Toffler once said that tout ensemble education begins with a dream for the future and, simultaneously, all education creates a dream of a new future. I have also read an h middle-aged in which he said that advanced industry is on its third wave but that our spheres education still remains on its second wave. I do non motive to rely only on the words of the eminent futurologist it is simply undeniable that our society has reached an overall crisis with experience to education. In such circumstances, the social responsibility of teachers who take charge of actual educational fields is desperately demanded. It is my goal to rectify the reality of face education in my country and to create educational programs that will appropriately serve students in the light of social changes.I chose the MA in TESL runway at 000 University because I truly commanded to be a teacherspecifically, an English teacher. I zealously think on my studies and enjoyed making preparations to become the kind of teacher I had been dreaming of becoming. With a strong sense impression of responsibility as a teacher, I always thought deeply about how to teach students efficaciously and about which order I could use to inspire them with positive academic attitudes. In that process, I step by step became most raise in developing an effective English education method.When I was a substance school student, my English teacher always played pop music or showed videos containing simple English to capture the attention of the class before lecturing. While studying various teaching methods in college, I realized how authorized it is to motivate students before starting the class. Actually, motivation might be the most important factor in learning a foreign language, because spending a whole hour whoremaster be meaningless if the students fail to distill in the class. There is also research that proves that highly incite students study hard of t heir own accord. With that in mind, I came to the understanding that it is necessary to break away from the old, traditionalistic English education methods and develop methods that well suit the changing times. Now I particularly look forward to studying efficient teaching methods in depth.Currently, the educational system of Korea has strayed from practical methods, suited for modern society, of studying English, and it is entangled with unchanging grammar study and uninteresting reading comprehension. While teaching, Ive been upset by the fact that while students might have an advantage in grammar and reading, they considerably lack the mightiness to freely communicate orally with English speakers and to express their opinions logically and to the full in writing. Therefore, I highly concentrate on the importance of speaking and writing when I teach students in the institute. I help the students to improve their writing, and I also try to give them opportunities to speak freel y with native English speakers in the institute.I also do my best to interact with my students and help them to become familiar with English studies by preparing materials from illustrious U.S. TV dramas and animations. The students at first felt awkward with my efforts and had trouble adjusting however, they later understood my genuine intentions, and my method eventually made an immense impact even on the students with low scores who was not interested in or fond of studying English. One unsatisfactory thing was that some students could not fully catch up because of other extracurricular activities, and I did not have sufficient experience to pull off for them fully. Because I have experienced such successes and failures, I have been constantly researching to discover a more(prenominal) advanced teaching method.I personally agree with the current TOEFL system, because it evaluates the students practical world power to speak and write English in addition to having a good comma nd of grammar. After deeply studying TOEFL, I still felt that I lacked the ability to speak English fluently, even though I am an English major, and that is the crucial reason I resolved to study abroad. While departure to an institute to study TOEFL, I have met many fellow students who are not majoring in English, and I feel sort of sad that they indeed have great potential but are cross by the huge barrier of the English language. After I successfully complete every course of your graduate school, I plan to return to my country to devote myself to helping non-English majors, so that TOEFL will not be an obstacle when they decide to study abroad to pursue their dreams.I want to cultivate my ability as an English educator at XXX University. By taking your Ph.D program, I will go my capacity in English and research teaching methods for effective English education. The future-oriented curriculum of your Ph.D program seems quite a suitable for training top quality educators by focu sing not only on the possibility and practice of English education, but also on the development of English speaking. To make the best of this program, I will acquire the quality of a native speaker and instill a sense of obligation in myself. I believe what the 21st century demands is an expert who does not remain still, but declares developing.Considering an old saying that education is a plan that spans a hundred years, I argue that a person who aspires to be a teacher should try very hard. While studying in your school, I want to do my best to develop and research the English education method that suits my original style. To make this happen, I am open to pursuing diverse academic activities, and, if necessary, I will extend my academic purpose to a doctoral program. If I am given an opportunity, I long to be a professor who inspires students who want to be English teachers while never neglecting my duty as a scholar to keep researching. Lastly, I will provide students with m ore than just language skills by obtaining an international sense and play the role as a mediator of English culture who teaches what they truly need to know.

Monday, April 15, 2019

The evolution of human intelligence Essay Example for Free

The evolution of charitable intelligence judgeThe evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved.These theories be closely tied to the evolution of the human instinct and to the emergence of human language. The timeline of human evolution spans most 7 trillion years,citation needed from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The premier 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the last-place 2 million span the history of actual human species (the Paleolithic). Many traits of human intelligence, such as empathy, theory of mind, mourning, ritual, and the determination of symbols and tools, are already apparent in great apes although in lesser edification than in humankind.The great apes found considerable abilities for cognition and empathy. Chimpanzees make tools and use t hem to acquire foods and for kindly displays they hold sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation, influence and rank they are status conscious, manipulative and capable of deception they lot learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax, concepts of number and numerical sequence.In matchless study, young chimpanzees outperformed human college students in tasks requiring remembering numbers. This claim was refuted in a later study afterward it was noted that the chimpanzees had received extensive practice with the task while the students were evaluated on their first attempt. When human subjects were stipulation time to practice, they substantially outperformed the young chimps.Chimpanzees are capable of empathy, having been observed to feed turtles in the wild, and show marvel in wildlife (such as pythons)citation needed.Homininae Around 10 million years ago, the Earths climate entered a cooler and arid phase, whi ch led eventually to the ice ages beginning some 2.6 million years ago. One consequence of this was that the northerly African tropical forest began to retreat, being replaced first by open grasslands and eventually by retire from (the modern Sahara). As their environment changed from continuous forest to patches of forest separated by expanses of grassland, some order Primates adapted to a partly or fully ground-dwelling life. Here they were exposed to predators, such as the enlarged cats, from whom they had previously been safe.These environmental pressures caused selection to favor bipedalism walking on hind legs. This gave the Homininaes eyes greater elevation, the power to see approaching danger further off, and a more(prenominal) efficient means of locomotion (see briny article for details).citation needed It also freed the forelimbs (arms) from the task of walking and made the hands available for tasks such as conference food.At some point the bipedal primates developed handedness, giving them the ability to pick up sticks, bones and stones and use them as weapons, or as tools for tasks such as killing smaller animals, ginger nut nuts, or cutting up carcasses. In other words, these primates developed the use of primitive technology. two-footed tool-using primates form the Hominina subtribe, of which the earliest species, such as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, date to somewhat 7 to 5 million years ago. From about 5 million years ago, the Hominin ace began to develop rapidly in both(prenominal) surface and assortediation of function.It has been shown that Great Ape cooperation and communication is severely impeded by their competitiveness, and thus that the apes would exalt their culture-bearing ability if they could just shrug off their competitiveness. It is also well known that even early hominins lacked the size and sharpness of their canine teeth that apes use as a threat signal, suggesting prehumans simply had no use for threat signals. That means they had already transcended ape competitiveness and thus developed superior cooperation and communication.There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as humans progressed along the timeline of evolution (see Homininae), offset from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1500 cm3 in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Thus, in general theres a correlation between brain volume and intelligence.However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm3) than neanderthals, and the Flores hominids (Homo floresiensis), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm3 (considered small for a chimpanzee) about a third of that of H. erectus. It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism. With their three times smaller brain the Flores hominids apparently used fire and made tools as sophisticated as those of their ancestor H.erectus. In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the social organisation of the brain is more im portant than its volume.The social brain hypothesis was proposed by British anthropologist Robin Dunbar, who argues that human intelligence did not evolve primarily as a means to solve ecological problems, yet rather intelligence evolved as a means of surviving and reproducing in large and complex social groups. Some of the behaviors associated with living in large groups include reciprocal altruism, deception and coalition formation. These group dynamics relate to Theory of Mind or the ability to understand the thoughts and emotions of others, though Dunbar himself admits in the same loudness that it is not the flocking itself that causes intelligence to evolve (as shown by ruminants).Dunbar argues that when the size of a social group increases, the number of different relationships in the group may increase by orders of magnitude. Chimpanzees live in groups of about 50 individuals whereas humans typically have a social circle of about 150 people, which is now referred to as Dunb ars number. check to the social brain hypothesis, when hominids started living in large groups, selection favored greater intelligence.As evidence, Dunbar cites a relationship between neocortex size and group size of various mammals. However, meerkats have far more social relationships than their small brain capacity would suggest. Another hypothesis is that it is actually intelligence that causes social relationships to operate more complex, because intelligent individuals are more difficult to learn to know. There are also studies that show that Dunbars number is not the upper limit of the number of social relationships in humans either

Sunday, April 14, 2019

Foundation Degree (FdSc) in Food Manufacturing Management Essay Example for Free

Foundation Degree (FdSc) in regimen Manufacturing oversight EssayIntroduction examine objectiveswhy Audit?The intentions of this Audit atomic number 18 as followsUsing a recognised GMP sample (UNIDO/BRC) measure go forth and quantify the durability of the current timber body that is in go forth.Recommend, upon survey, strategies for approach that tidy sum be do to meet, and potenti anyy exceed, the minimum retail requirements.* Upon mop up, altogetherow the barter to great deal attainable goals and objectives in golf-club to become the line of drub forward. This is in an efficiency, action and legal capacity.Company ProfileShetland SeaFish (Hull) exceptional started trading in 1922 as a specialist maker of frozen fish products. The gild employs 50-60 round on site and has a total of 80-100 employees fetching through issue the group. The group has three factories. The new(prenominal) two be involved in primary accomplishing and fish farming in the Shetland isles. The party supplies super grocery stores, discounters, fish wholesalers, frozen nutrition for thought distri butors and forage for thought service companies. The principal(prenominal) market is the UK but the company in addition has a sm whole export trade. Shetland SeaFish (Hull) particular has implemented a tightly bookled musical arrangement of operational procedures including a fully documented HACCP system and quality manual.Business EnvironmentThe nutrient industry is one and only(a) under pressure. The fishing industry in special is an theatre with its own particular problems which stir a direct impact on this company as fish is its primary raw hearty.Over the past a few(prenominal) years, environmental concern over diminish fish stocks has contributed to attachd governmental interdiction to manage fishing quotas. Although this may be the case for the content fishing industry, the world wide catch (up until recently) has been on a stead y rise. This company sources raw material from worldwide locals (Particularly the Asiatic beas such as China and S stoogedinavian Seas) so the impact has been minimal.The dash in which the company sources fish may change in the future, as inter pass auctions atomic number 18 on the increase, and this makes the market much of a volatile entity as prices potful fluctuate as events affect fishing procurement.The causation(a) main problem with the aliment industry is the strength of the major multiples over the manufacturers. The major supermarkets to whom close to fargon manufacturers supply, aim to proceed a constant gross profit margin which is typically quite large. To glisten this, the multiples like to pass down on-costs to the suppliers. Offers such as subvert one, apprehend one free ar fuelled by the manufacturer, and come straight from their bottom line. By enumerationning a BOGOF offer, it is affectively selling the product at half the unit price for the durati on of the offer.One supermarket that this company has dealt with also deducts (on their own accord) a stupefy price to go towards advertising and marketing. For example, a deduction of 10,000 baron be deducted from an flier to them for product, with the debateing organism that even if that come up is non being utilize to directly promote that particular product, erect by advertising the stores in general, the increased list of nodes flowing through the store, should they say, increase sales to the companys product. This deduction from the invoice is im work overd by the supermarket, and beca part you do not know how a great deal they are passing to do this, it makes cost for condescension more difficult.Combine this with the fact that at every price examine by the supermarket buyers, they fill higher quality products, for a reduction in unit price, depresses margins lower than ever.The margin depression brings with it a set of problems. Beca intent a company has to r educe its costs to meet the price meridians per units, so as to maintain the business with the supermarket, it makes it for a business to remain as profitable as what it would like to be.A littler margin means that a company does not carry the same measure of free smashing available to it to make necessary re-investments which would help to procure more sales and increase throughput. In persona quad of the overview, a ad hoc study of this is discussed in relation to an OEE study on one of the factories lines. at that countersink are several technological resolutions available which if purchased would go a bulky way to increase productivity. alas there are several financial constraints which place barriers to the procurement of these technological improvements. A brief intervention of Chicken and Egg barriers is briefly explained in section four of the overview.The problem lies in the fact that if a new piece of equipment is subscribe toed to continue, or to improve pro duct, whence the company does not commit bountiful liquid capital available to be able to purchase it outright. This means that the company would befuddle to check up on borrowing facilities.The problem with this is that the company would like to have a secured amount of business from one of, or a combination of customers, in order to dupe on the risk of borrowing large amounts of money. The reason for this is that a company has to account for a payback period into their costing to cloak borrowing and participation as well as machine depreciation.With deadened product placement tenures, the guarantee of continued business for this period is not there, inhibiting the business from wanting to ask a risk of this magnitude. Eventually a company has to bite the bullet and take a risk in order to increase turnover and throughput. little margins also mean that there may not be enough of an increase in net profits to cover supply requirements. Each year there is a general staff approximation to discuss the terms of wages and conditions. If the company is reduced in its profit capacity, then this trend is often relayed onto the takeforce.f the company has diminished available finances then money is not possible to cede staffs the annual increase in wages or to be able to invest in common facilities.This has a knock on effect on staff morale and motivating if the annual increase is postponed or if it has to be pottycelled. It manifests itself in somewhat(a) somebodys in a revenge motivation mentality. As the individuals ol milling machinery modality aggrieved beca occasion the company cannon admit with what the workers feel is a basic right, then they may wish to get back at the company.At best this may just be by reducing their amount and quality of work, therefore their loyalty is affected. At worst, it could be resignation, dissention or even some form of industrial sabotage.Without the increase in wages rates it also lessens the difference among st that and what the government sets as the discipline minimum wage. This poses a problem in relation to retaining, and gaining new employees.At one suggest, working(a)s(a) in a milling machinery used to attract a premium, but over time that has decreased to the point to where wage levels between shop workers and factory workers are almost the same.With the current work ethos among new employees (particularly newfangled people) the dilemma of where would I like to work arises. Either a (usually) smelly, shift work system, hard work inducing factory, or a shop, where they can go straight out from without having to go home for a shower and change, is less hard work and usually has a set nine until five work pattern. For the same, or similar, wage, most people appear to want to work in a shop.This displays a different shift from employment trends from primary or secondary employment to a absolute majority of employment in the tertiary, or services, sector.If a company has a h igh turn-over of staff, then generally the quality of staffs decreases. This may then affect production make and efficiencies.One way that this can be combated is though an increase in staff tuition. This not only acts to some(prenominal) increase staff quality, but it also helps to improve the individuals hypothesize satisfaction. This is through increased competency, increased knowledge (i.e. making an individual more multi-skilled) and the feeling that they are not in a dead-end job.In the industry sector to which this company falls, there is an increased amount of governmental grants available for staff provision programmes.Within this factory, all of the employees of beginning(a) tier level have all been through NVQ level 2 training in nutriment hygienics and handling. Production supervisors have received additional training to NVQ level three in this area. in that respect is also a begin of other courses that are being studied that are part funded, or reimbursed by, g overnmental policies.It is clear that there are some relatively easy ways to increase the efficiency and line throughputs of production. Unfortunately constraining factors come into play to inhibit potential growth as long as margins are squeezed picayuneer and smaller.This is a self perpetuating cycle. If allowed to make a little bit more profit then this can be channelled back into the business to increase production efficiency and overall turnover making the business more successful.Legal Issues on that point is a complex mine field of enactment that comes into play when dealing with a food unit operation. on that point is a whole plethora of acts and regulations which help to control the food industry which helps to value the consumer from dubious consecrates and ensure that the final product that is consumed is of the expected centre of attention, nature and quality demanded.There are several levels of legislation* make believes, which are statutes passed down by par liament.* Regulations which are make under particularized acts* E.C. directives which are passed down from the E.E.C.The Food gum elastic device enforcement officers have various enforcement powers which enable them to ensure that all of the legislation is correctly adhered to. These can be servicing notices, sampling and seizing foodstuffs, and also to instigate criminal proceedings if an offence is made.The main legislation affecting this business are to be listed as followersFood Safety Act, 1990This act is in relation to the sale of food for human consumption and is applicable to all food exposit.This act makes it an offence to* Render food injurious to health* Sale or obstinance of food injurious to health, or that is unfit for, or is contaminated.* Sale of food that is not of the correct nature, substance and quality demanded by the consumer.* Give any false or misleading descriptions.The Food Premises (Registration) Regulations, 1991 (SI no 2825) amended 1997This re gulation requires all food exposit to register with the local, or port authority, in the area that they are situated. Every registration authority mustiness oblige a register, which can be accessed by the public for command.Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulation, 1995 (SI. no. 1763)This act provides general requirements for all food apportionrs and premises (with specific requirements for preparation areas, moveable and temp. premises, transport, equipment and the like) to be unbroken clean, facilitate make clean, and prevent the accumulation of dirt. It also specifies a requirement for all food premises to happen upon all steps in the business that is minute to food arctic, and to minimise these risks.The Food Safety (Temperature authorizations) Regulations, 1995 (SI. No. 2200)This determines any matter involving a risk to food safety, in relation to the nature of the food, manner in which it is handled and packed, and processes and conditions under which it has been displayed or stored. No person should maintain food that is likely to support the growth of pathogenic bacteria or the accumulation of their toxins.Products of Animal start (Import and Export) Regulations, 1996These regulations govern the origins of animal foodstuffs from countries outside the EEC. Since 1993, foodstuffs imported from other members of the EEC are not liable for inspection due to the open border policy, but they are still subject to the Food Safety Act 1990.Food Labelling Regulations 1996 (SI. No. 1499)These require most foodstuffs that are to be sold for human consumption be labelled with* The name of the food.* List of ingredients (Quantifying ingredients mentioned in the name of the food).* Best before dates, which direct minimum intensity level or perish ability of the food in relation to microbial or product debasement beyond being fit for human consumption.* Any specific remembering conditions necessitate.* Name and address of the manufacturerThe Qui ck-Frozen Foodstuffs Regulations, 1990 (SI. No. 2615) amended 1994Food that has undergone quick-freezing (i.e. whereby the zone of maximum crystallization as rapidly as possible) should be labelled as such. It must be suitably packaged so as to protect it from microbial and other pollution and also to protect from de-hydration.Must be labelled with* BBE* store requirements including temps.* plenteousness reference* A clear message not to refreeze after defrosting.There are also some specific legislation relating to food poisoningPublic wellness ( lead of Disease) Act 1994The Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations, 1988 (SI. No. 1546)National Health Service (Amendment) Act 1986The National Health Service (Food Premises) Regulations, 1987 (SI. No. 18)The Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS)These pieces of legislation relate to reports of incidences of food poisoning and food borne illness. It empowers officers to investigate food premises on the basis of risk to increas ed infection, and to identify the source of food poisoning illnesses.Separate to food related issues there are also a number of other pieces of legislation that apply to most businesses. These areHealth SafetyThe Health and Safety at Work Act 1974The Control of Substances dangerous to Health Regulations, 1994 (SI. No. 3246)The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation, 1985 (SI. No. 2023)The Electricity at Work Regulations, 1989 (SI. No. 635)The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2051)The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 3004)The Personal preventive Equipment at Work Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2966)The Manual Handling Operations Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2793) all told of these laws are in relation to withholding equipment in nice order provide all PPE, also in good order, and to report all accidents and medical problems caused by/ at work.There are some new environmental legislation in relation to waste water and effluent, and also the climate change levy.There are also waste land fill laws (After B.S.E. and Foot and Mouth no food wastes can be further processed into animal feeds)It is clear that there are a lot of laws that help to keep the consumer, and employees safe, both in relation to food safety and personal safety. In order to comply with all of these laws, and check with the companys compliance to these, the office of fair trading and the environmental health office audit the factory on a unshakable basis.Section2Key FindingsSummations on Audit checklistsSection by section reviewHACCP SystemThe company has a very pointed and comprehensive HACCP system following the Codex principles and based on risk assessment for apiece product type.The latest revision is June 2002. The HACCP reinforcement includes Introduction (Intro, group, product description, intended use, flow diagram, and verification of flow, controls and hazards), Process flow (product, pr oduction process), Hazards, Hazard analytic thinking and Hygiene controls.The site technical manager who is qualified in advance food hygiene leads the HACCP team. The other HACCP team members include the production manager, financial director, business consultant, Q.A. supervisor and HS officer. They have all received training in HACCP principles.Eight CCPs have been identified and understandably marked round the site. These include R.M. intake, band power saw room, product storage, packaging storage, coatings, behave making, behave buggies, sauce deposition and metal detection.Shetland SeaFish (in conjunction with Cravenglow consultant limited) has produced a handbook for employees entitled Understanding HACCP and the British Retail Consortium Quality Award. This book was issued to all staff before going through their first successful BRC audit, and is issued to new staff during induction. The Handbook explains HACCP terms and working practices, details the eight CCPs, How to control potential Hazards, How HACCP works, Different types of Hazard, other valuable HACCP information and an introduction to the BRC standardQuality Management SystemThe site operations/quality manual has been fully implemented and index numbered in the latest revision (Revision 4 October 2002) to the BRC technical standard version three.Policies and procedures reference to the HACCP manual and currently cover all of the identified critical controls.Each working area has its own handbook that includes some or all of the followingFactory alter proceduresTechnical termsKey staffSafe working practicesFactory proceduresQA procedures applicable to the area.A specifications file maintained by the company has a programme of sexual audits that cover the entire quality system twice per year.The handling of complaints is the responsibility of the Technical manager. Complaints are referenced individually, by customer, and complaint type. Corrective actions arising from complaints are degradeed.An approved supplier list is in operation, deliveries assessed at intake, and supplier performance reviewed quarterly. One of the key findings of this audit has been that although the supplier audit plans clearly defined and laid out, it has not been adhered to. This haves rectifying by the time of the next audit.Factory Environmental StandardsThe factory is well located just off the main route into Hull, and has a logical process flow.The buildings are well constructed. Walls panelled with false jacket crown and smooth concrete stages.Equipment is industry standard and is be well maintained. There is a planned charge system administered by a well-resourced engineering department. provide changing facilities are provided by separate storage of work wear and personnel wear with staff locker rooms situated well aside from production. Work clothing situated in changing facilities on the entrance to the production facility.A consecrate night hygiene crew operate a comp rehensive make clean programme, verified using bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate swabs. This form of assessment is under utilised. By conducting more swabs, a more indicative trend abstract can be compiled. This system could also be drawn-out to coordinated hand swabbing, so as to gauge the impressiveness of the staffs hand washing.A comprehensive pest control contract is in place with Rentokil and no infe order reported. The only addition to this regime would be to introduce catch tray synopsis. This is not do at present, although Rentokil have been asked to provide a quote for the service. The reason that catch tray analysis is so all-important(a) is that various indicator species of insect may help to identify a particular problem in entres the factory. other option is that the accountant is a qualified entomologist. The suggestion has been made that they complete the catch tray analysis on behalf of the company.Transport and waste removal are both contracted out services.Product ControlThere is a product development procedure detailing the process steps and documentation held for customer driven development work. Development work is mainly restricted to crumbs, batters and sauces and as such, the suppliers of these materials carry out a lot of the work.Product is analysed on line hourly by trained QC staffExternal chemic and microbiological analyses are carried out at a UKAS certify immaterial laboratory. The result turn around is typically ten days. There is an investigation into the possibility of bringing the microbiological test into a feasible in-house solution. The testing procedures pet are the rapid methods that are now available on the market. These allow for rapid enumeration and recognition in unprecedented speeds compared to traditional plating methods. Because of the simplicity of the tests, it reduces the degrees of error that might be socialise in old style methods, and also it helps to simplify the lab quality manual. All of these rapid methods are AOAC accredited methods and are thus suitable for ISO 17025 standards, which is a pre-requisite for the accreditation edicts stated for BRC compliance.Products coded to allow stock rotation, and on-site stock levels kept to a minimum. The cold store has the capacity for approximately 600 pallets, which are on a mobile wrenching system.Metal detection is carried out on all products at 3.5mm non-fe and 3.5mm fe. Legislation is on the way to incorporate testing using S. Steel rods as well, using the same sensitivity levels.Product is released based on on-line QC testing. A non-conformance procedure is used to prevent the despatch of non-conforming product and its restriction to quarantine.Process ControlControl of sauce cooking and processing is closely monitored by QC and thermographs are in place to maintain sauce cooking profiles.QC also regularly verifies process parameters and freezer temperatures. Continuous quantity control supervise equipment is in place on the coated fish line.Check-weigh systems are calibrated at the start of severally day following a detailed calibration procedure.Hourly QC checks and unremarkable taste panels verify process parameters and specifications requirements have been fulfilled and all measuring equipment is calibrated at appropriated frequencies.A small amount of kosher product is processed on site and the delivery processing and despatch of kosher materials is closely monitored. forceStaffs trained to NVQ levels 1 and 2 in hygiene and safe product handling by external consultants. Plans are in place to introduce an in-house training scheme. The Q.A. supervisor holds a CIEH certificate of Advanced Food Hygiene. Once they complete the CIEH professional trainers certificate, it will allow them to train new staffs, and re-iterate to current, basic food hygiene and HS.Hygiene rules are also available in the staff handbook, given at induction.Induction includes hygiene and HS requirements, fire drill procedures including a tour of the facility (highlighting emergency exits), company objectives and the review of the individuals accountability level.Staff and visitors complete a basic medical questionnaire before entering the factory.Protective clothing provided and laundered by bear based in Hull and only specialising in laundering of food industry clothing.Supervisory staff and line leaders trained to NVQ levels 3. Detailed training records are in place, but not review on a frequent basis.Section3Improvement strategyRecommendations on enhancementWhy did it fail? What can be done?The overall result of this audit is promising. The main sections that are in need of improvement are the cleaning and management systems.With regards to the cleaning controls one of the biggest deficiencies is that there were no daily cleaning logs in place at the time of the audit. These are necessary to verify that all of the pieces of equipment that has been used during the course of the produ ction shift have been cleaned efficaciously. This should also incorporate a list of equipment that ineluctably periodic or monthly cleaning, similar to the engineers protective maintenance system.Provisions are in place to indicate cleaning frequency, but by combining this with a daily cleaning log a system of records can be obtained to help with any Due Diligence defences that might need to be called into play. The tour step to reduce the microbial and soil loads within the factory are the cleaning inventorys, but the due diligence defence are the daily logs. These are a record confirmation that the schedule has been implemented, and also provides accountability of who conducted the particular action that might be in question. It also helps the management team to assess the manning levels involve for a particular cleaning regime.By combining these logs with an effective utilisation of the Lightning adenosine triphosphate hygiene verification system it would be possible to mor e accurately monitor the effectiveness of the cleaning systems that are in place. At present the unit is not used at levels that are going to supply the monitoring team with a set of results that are statistically significant. By increasing the levels of testing with the unit, a better picture of cleanliness levels can be obtained by using the trend analysis bundle to scrutinize past results and to predict problems that might occur in the future.This system could also be extended to apply to incorporate hand washing checks. This could be done on a random set of checks throughout the week. It might be possible to correlate this to the expected and substantial bacterial soap usance rates to see if there is a relationship. This might be an extra way to monitor the effectiveness of the staff in the own personal hygiene in relation to hand washing.The engineers need to keep an inventory of parts as a indemnify is carried out so that all pieces are accounted for upon completion so as to eliminate the possible physical contamination problem, or at least to identify if there is one.A number of hose pipes were observed around the factory, liberally strewn on the floor. This is not unstable GMP it also creates an impression of untidiness and not caring for not only visitors, but also to other staff. Perhaps the purchasing or some hose reel storage units. If these hoses were kept on one of these units, it would automatically reel in and is then kept neatly on the wall, off the floor and out of the way of people walking around the factory.During the course of the audit the food waste skip was leftoverfield(p) open. This leaves the inlet open to many potential problems. The first is that it has a potential to attract pests. By going the skip doors open is may provides a food source for advantageous vermin.It was observed that there were some birds on the fence which might have been attracted by the residue border the skip. To eliminate this problem aspect of a reaching handle for the skip door should be made.By keeping the skip door closed it prevents vermin from entering the skip to scavenge for food. With the skip door closed, thus stopping pests from gaining a free food store, the area around the skip must be kept clear also otherwise keeping the door closed is a futile effort.This area not only needs to be swept, but also cleaned down with a detergent to emulsify the fatty residue left from the batter scraps. This would also help to make the area safer for the employees as it would make the area left given up to causing slippages, and this is especially important as there is a small set of steps out there.There is no provision for persons to wash their hands upon re-entering the factory after going to the food skip. There person would have to go to the basins outside the packaging area. A small basin or alcohol station should be installed to prevent this.The main body of the factory was in very good condition. There were a few incid ences that need to be rectified in order to improve the grade.Around the sauce making area, the hood tiles preceding(prenominal) them had some signs of mould growth. This is an indication that the ventilation is perhaps inadequate for that area. some(prenominal) form of steam ancestry unit might need to be investigated in that area. In the misfortunate term, regular cleaning with a sterilizer (with some form of mould growth inhibitor) would suffice, but this would only deal with the symptoms, and not deal with the route cause.The sauce agitators in this area are in need of recovering. The motors on the agitators have some small areas of paint flaking from them. Even though the paint is blue in colour, it provides a potential physical contamination problem. This needs to be tackled in several ways.The first and easiest to do is to recover the motors. The motors can be covered with a stainless steel covering which would prevent both paint flakes falling into the sauce, but also d irt accumulation on the motor.Another method is to use an alternative agitator motor. There are several on the market, and several of these are not mount directly above the sauce making kettles.There are also some other methods for sauce production, that if increased production were to be required, then they should defiantly be investigated.Another area in the factory that could benefit from additional extraction/ventilation is directly surrounding the coating line. When the fryer is producing breaded products, then the first stage crumb, which is a fine crumb, causes a lot of dust to be blown in the air. This causes lush dust accumulation on the pipe works above the fryer line. This needs additional cleaning to remove the dust in this area. Perhaps a form of extraction system should be investigated in this area.As a minor point, there was also a small pool of water surrounding the con-air compressor units. This implies that the floor does not bevel in the right direction. Again th is is a stead that has a long term objective, but also has a short term measure.The long term goal is to re-lay the floor in that area to make the floor slope in the right direction (i.e. from the wall to the drain). The short term solution is to have the cleaners regularly squeegee the floor of water.Standing water is a particular problem in that it provides excellent breeding ground for Listeria spp. Bacteria. Listeria is a food borne bacteria that is by nature found in the environment. By providing pools of standing water, it magnifies the problem and opens the potential for increased incidences of Listeria monocytogenes poisoning.It is a strange practice that although there are manager and team leader meetings on a regular basis, there were no supervisor meetings held. This is a gross deficiency, not for GMP, but for the lack of communicational strokes that are missed from these meetings.By conducting these meetings a intercourse can be maintained between the higher levels of management and the junior levels. During these sessions company objectives can be relayed, problems considered, and grievances examined.It is also an excellent opportunity to provide motivation to the staff and to keep them apprised of important happenings within the company, such as potential sales, production turnover, NPD and the direction of the company. These meeting should be implemented effectively immediately. If not in their own right, then try combining the team leader meetings. This may pose a problem with truthful communication if the team leaders feel inhibited by the carriage of the supervisors, especially if they have any grievances with them.The omission of the supervisor meetings exacerbates the next point. That is the cut crosswise communication of ideas and bids between departments. This point is discussed in more detail in the second overview of the audit.The job descriptions that are in place for the key positions within the factory are deficient in the tota lity. I would suggest a review of these be taken with the specific aim to include the individuals main duties and responsibilities, full accountability, and any health and safety requirements that are obligatory to know.By providing a comprehensive description it helps the individual to identify their own proficiency against what is expected of them. It would also help to identify any training needs by comparing what the individuals actual abilities to what is needed for that position. During an appraisal a gauge of competency can be made against the standard and a measure of feedback can be relayed to the person.This also ties into the fact that no records are kept of personal record reviews. These need to be conducted on a regular occasion, and if they are being conducted at the moment, then they need to be recorded.There are some clear objectives that have been identified and now need to be applied and rectified to improve the factory as a whole.Section4ConclusionsOverview of pr ogression stratagems pervert by step guideStructure and Fabric* Hand washing basin/ alcohol station to be installed by exit to food skip.* Foods skip needs to be looked at and a handle constructed to enable the lid to be closed.* Sauce kettles needs to be looked at for possible installation of extraction units.* Sauce agitator motors needs to be covered to prevent paint flaking into product.* Hose pipes to be displace into self reeling units.* Pool of water needs investigating around con-air units. Floor needs re-laying in that area.* dot accumulation above fryer area. Additional extraction needed.Pest prevention* Pallet shed door needs to be kept closed. Pallets stored away from walls in storage.* Some drain covers missing and needs replacing.* overhaul tray analysis needs to be done.Cleaning systems* Daily cleaning logs introduced.* Engineers inventory of parts during a repair to prevent contamination.* Effective utilisation, and expansion, of ATP hygiene monitoring system.Mana gement Controls* Introduction of supervisor meetings.* Additional training to supplement and increase knowledge of GMP systems, Food hygiene and legislation.* Review of job descriptions.* Record employee appraisals.Section5ReferencesBackground / further reading.Including bibliographyHygiene for Management, Sprenger. R. A. 1998 (8th Ed)Cleaning, Dillion M, et alInspirational Supervisor, Shaw J. 1999FdSc Food manufacture management GMP Course work notes, Dillion M. 2002Log bookOverviewsOverviewsPart 1 Basic findings from two sections of the manual.Section 1 Structure and double-dealingThe factory has a logical process flow and the buildings are of sound construction. All internal factory wall surfaces are panelled with a lowered false ceiling and smooth resin floors. Equipment is industrial food grade standard and appears to be well maintained. A preventative planned maintenance system is in operation and resourced by a competent engineering department. The work wear is situated in a separate clean changing area immediate on entrance to the production area. The pest control is out-sourced to Rentokil (initial services) with no signs of infestation problems to report.OBS 1 The floor is made of an impervious material and when combinations of two immiscible liquids (such as oil and water) mix, it causes some sections of the floor around the fryer area are slippery.Recommendation Review the cleaning schedule for this area to include a protocol stating that the floor in that area is to be cleaned as often as required throughout the production day, in addition to the usual scheduled cleans. Another suggestion would be to use a floor covering/mat to make the area more non-slip.Timescale 30daysOBS 2 There was a small pool of standing water around the con-air units during production.Recommendation The long-run goal would be to re-lay/repair that section of floor to provide an adequate slope to provide water run-off into the drainage channels. Action to be taken pla ce in the mean while would be to order the cleaning schedule to include that the area is to be cleared as often as required throughout the production day.Timescale 90 daysOBS 3 There was no steam extraction above the sauce making kettles handsome rise to N/C1.N/C1 Evidence was noted by poster and noted, audit checklist ref GMP Section 1 -ref 1.8.2, that there was the beginnings of mould build up on the ceiling tiles above the sauce kettles.Recommendation Investigate the possible methods of fume extraction best suited to the needs of the task. Possible installation of an extractor cowling. Action that can be introduced quickly is that a revision of the cleaning schedule to include weekly/fortnightly/ or as required cleaning to be undertaken in that area using a detergent with mould growth inhibitor.Timescale 90daysSection 2 Storage FacilitiesStorage or R.M, WIP, finished goods, packaging and tainting elements are well segregated with observed codes of practice to prevent cross contamination. Products are coded to allow stock rotation on a FIFO basis and the stock levels that are kept on site are kept to a minimum. There are no contractual off-site storage facilities used. Products are released on the basis of on-line QC testing. Procedures are in place regarding damage or defective goods segregation and disposal.OBS 1 Only visual checks are made of the contracted out logistics companys vehicles.Recommendation Revise an audit schedule to visit their head office so as to not only audit the vehicles used for the transportation of goods, but also to review the company policies and procedures regarding GMP practices.Timescale 90daysPart 2 Area to improve.The area of greatest need is management control, especially in relation to motivation of staffs and inter-departmental communication. A highly motivated workforce can increase the potential output efficiency greatly, without the need for pricy capital expenditure.Poor communication is the catalyst for futu re problemsJohn Shaw, Business consultantThe vast majority of problems within the workplace arise due to the lack of or inadequate communication between colleagues.All members of the organisation must develop their verbal and written skills to allow for ease of dialogue between the two parties. Regular dialogue is essential for the pooling together of ideas and suggestions that helps to minimise problems and help to achieve the company objectives.Employees must be able to interpret management edicts and be able to pass on these instructions to other staffs clearly and concisely in order to achieve peak performance.One opinion that might be made is that the companys impersonal uses of memos are substituting important meetings that would be held to discuss some of the key issues. By conducting regular meetings to open up a dialogue for discussion, it would help to eliminate any confusion that might have arisen because of their own interpretation of what is trying to be formed in the communiqu.By opening a dialogue between colleagues, it helps to make them feel a part of the team because they are being consulted and being offered to stress their opinions and grievances. During the meetings, it lets the individual know exactly what is being expected of them to do, with little chance for error. Once the individual knows the parameters in which they are expected to perform, and then the individual has some attainable guidelines on how to conduct him or herself around the workplace.Being made part of a team is one essential tool in the motivation of staffs. By including their opinions within any debate, it helps to raise that persons self-esteem. Once a person begins to become motivated, it often leads to greater job satisfaction.Job satisfaction is a combination of hard work and competence. Employees who reflect pride in their work are an infectious source of inspiration to others. This can be seen again in persons whom take personal pride and lead by example.Motiv ation is a key component to modern businesses. Staffs should take every opportunity to motivate others constantly. One way to encourage your staff is to let them know what is required of them by defining the days objectives.Use of praise and encouragement inspire maximum performance from an individual from a few choice words or phrases.Where an individual or team needs knock if they have made a mistake, remain calm and resolve the problem through constructive criticism. This is where the situation is given an explanation of what went wrong, gentle words to re-enforce the need that it does not re-occur, and gives further guidance on how it can be avoided in the future. It is imperative that if it is an individual involved, then take them to one side to discipline them. This way you are not undermining them and therefore their personal dignity is maintained.Another critical instruction is not to react to minor problems. Destructive and unwarranted criticism is harmful to morale and can easily sweep across a work force.It is also a good idea to be receptive to reasonable grievances that they might have and suggestions that they might make.Motivation encourages individuals and teams to continually achieve the companys goals through sustained peak performance.Part 3 Cleaning and the LawCleaning plays a fundamental part of food hygiene. It is pivotal in preventing contamination of both microbiological and chemical, but it also helps to make the indicator signs of pest infestation easier to spot.All cleaning comprises of four factors* Heat* Mechanical energy* chemic energy* Contact timeCleaning is usually a five stage process (although not exclusively).1) Pre-clean2) Main clean3) Rinse4) Disinfect5) Final mop6) DryingThe relative energy and time components of a cleaning programme can differ greatly. This is all dependants on the load of soil age, the chemical properties of the cleaning agent, and the surface to be cleaned. Staffs should receive clear concise inst ruction on how to correctly conduct the cleaning schedule.The chemicals used within this factory are as followsChemicalActionFatsolveSurfactant degreasing detergentBleachHypochlorite based disinfectantSparkleSurfactant degreasing detergent cutting foamAcidic de-scalerCaustic floor cleaner alkalic (NaOH) floor cleanerCaustic pearlsAlkaline (NaOH) fryer cleanerTego 2001Biocidal disinfectant/detergent combinationAll staffs that will be handling these products for use in hygiene must receive full training and monitored for competency and efficiency. All of these products must comply with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 to protect the employee whom is to be using these chemicals.This Act states specific legislation to includeThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs, 1994 (SI. 1994 No. 3246) (COSHH)These regulations require employers to assess the hazards and provide suitable controls. Implementation is by means of risk assessment. COSHH is concerned with chemicals that c an be classified as toxic, harmful, acerbic or irritant.All of the products used within the body of the factory are supplied with all COSHH safety sheets and are filed in the technical department. Each of these products is mentioned in the company HACCP plan to include the risk assessment of these products.Chemicals (Hazards, reading Packaging) Regs, 1993 (CHIP)Again, this states that all chemicals sold must be supplied with a COSHH safety sheet provided for the purchaser by the supplier. This must include detailed information about the product, its hazard classification under CHIP regulations. It is also prohibited to decant harmful chemicals into unmarked containers.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at work Regs, 1992These regulations enforce the employer to provide all necessary PPE required for a specific task so as to minimise the health and safety risks that the employees might be subjected to.There are several good reasons why effective cleaning is so important besides those mentioned earlier* It creates a good visual impression for both workers and visitors alike giving a sense that the business cares.* Helps to maximise the efficiency and costing of several types of products. For example, if a sauce is left to build up deposits, then it would restrict the diameter of the pipe work, making the motor have to run harder to pump product through, thus reducing the lifetime of that component. Its also helps to reduce wastege* Legal certificate of indebtednesss.It is that final point which needs further explaining.The food safety Act, 1990This law makes it an offence to contaminate food so that it would be unreasonable to expect it to be used for human consumption in its current state. It also states that a food proprietor and staffs must identify all steps that are critical to food safety and minimise those risks.This is further backed up by theFood Safety (GFH) Regs, 1995This states* Premises must be kept clean, designed to facilitate cleaning, and to protect against the accumulation of dirt.* Make it a requirement for all food business proprietors to identify any step in activities of the business which is critical to food safety, and to introduce sumptuary controls at those points identified.This law allows an enforcement officer to raise a non-conformance on the actual presence of dirt, and does not have to prove that that soilage poses a risk to healthThere is a clear legal and moral obligation that wherever there is a risk to food, a business proprietor must ensure that the working premises are kept clean so as to minimise the risks to public health. These responsibilities must be stressed to all employees not only in their induction period, but also sporadically throughout their employment.Part 4 PEST in relation to OEEDuring the course of this audit, an OEE analysis was conducted on one of the production lines (See OEE exercise workbook). The aim of GMP is to improve the manufacturing performance, and by using OEE calc ulations it is possible to gain a quantifiable index of performance. Using the precepts behind GMP it is possible to identify areas that could benefit from improvement so as to improve production performance.The identification of the seven wastes which are the non-value added and also the value added sections of a production period are vital. It is the main objective to reduce the first, and increase the latter.With regards to the production run that was studied several strategies can be entertained to help to minimise waste due to the above mentioned wastes. Firstly, fish cakes are products that produce only small amounts of waste due to the fact that defects can often be re-worked during the same production run. Defect cores can be removed from the line by operatives and then deposited back in the koppens former to be re-moulded into another(prenominal) cake.Reducing the throughput can often help reduce the rejects levels. Running at just a few strokes under the maximum for the li ne might make it more cost effective to reduce the throughput by a minimal amount in order to dramatically decrease the amount of reject product. By doing this the right first time figure could increase to raise overall production efficiency.If speed is the reverse factor, i.e. the faster the speed, the higher the defect rate, then just by reducing the stroke rate of the machine, the amount of over-processing required would be reduced. If however speed were not the decisive factor, then an investigation of the machines capabilities would have to be reviewed, and if it cannot be removed, then do you accept this defect level caused by the machine, or do you assess the possibility of purchasing a more efficient piece of kit?With regards to the machine that is in place, the Koppens former is approximately 10-15yrs old and forms cakes by using hydraulic cups and a forming plate. Over the years the maximum output of the machine has dropped by approximately 25% from the max of 40s/m to n ow 30s/m.Would it be better to buy a new piece of kit. Perhaps the purchasing an AEW forming machine? Unfortunately these are costly pieces of kit. be in the range of 250K. This is a large prohibiting factor in an SME of the size of the company in question, with their limited financial resources. In order to justify a capital expenditure of that magnitude, a significant order would have to be procured to allow for the required payback period to make it a cost effective purchase.It is almost chicken and egg scenario. With a new piece of machinery of this nature the potential for increased throughput of not only this line, but also of others would rise significantly, but monies or orders to cover payback periods would have to be secured before capital expenditure is considered.It is a difficult political climate with retail customers at present. more and more of the major multiples only issue contracts for periods of usually a year (although there has recently been a downward trend to decrease these to six monthly). So a guarantee off continued business is not certain, which prohibits the purchase of the new machinery.The small margins also affect the staff efficiency and retention (thus quality). Because margins are tight, only a small amount on the top of national minimum wage can be applied. This can limit not only the response to job advertisements, but also with staff retention and loyalty. With a higher staff turnover, the quality of staffs employed often reduces, thus affecting the throughputs and efficiencies of the lines.This interplay of factors is what has to be investigated further upon before resolutions can be found. Identification is just the first step in an overall improvement plan.Appendix 1Summary SheetsGMP Audit MaterialEnclosed in this booklet are copies of the audit checklists that you can use to audit your site against each element of GMP.You should aim to audit 2 elements of the standard each week and use the techniques discussed in wee k 1 on problem solvent to objectively assess each element of the standard.If you wish to discuss any elements in more detail then contact one of the tutors on the course who will be able to help you crystallize any problems or issues that you may have.IMPORTANTYou will need to copy the food safety and hygiene audit assessment form each week, as you will need to use this to summarize for each assignment.Using the Sample Assessment Forms for the 10 sections of Good Manufacturing Practice identify1. Areas of Strength and Weakness for the GMP sections for your own plant or operation, using the checklists provided.2. The causes of problems which are inherent with the areas of weakness3. The barriers and aids which will effect the improvement process4. Prioritise the actions needed to improve your Good Manufacturing Practice needs, using the assessment forms, which should be include within your weekly assignment.A grading system has been given on each checklist. You may use this grading system to help you to assess your factory, but feel free to condition this. If you do modify the system then you should explain, quite clearly, how the grading or scoring system is used.Key to the ABCD grading system for assessing the sections and elements of the GMP standardGrade A Excellent rack up 50 points. Grade A scored when there are no safety problems or issues. Requires no further action.Grade B Satisfactory Scores 30 points. Actionable within defined timescale as agreed at audit.Grade C Major Scores 10 points. Actionable within one working week.Grade D Critical Scores 0 points. A Grade D is automatically awarded when a critical safety issue is identified, and is actionable immediately.